Thursday, August 27, 2020
How Nelson Mandela used Rugby to unify South Africa Essay -- Politics,
Subsequent to going through twenty-seven years in jail, Nelson Mandela was discharged from jail on February 11, 1990. In 1991, Nelson Mandela was picked to become leader of the African National Congress. In 1993, Mandela and South African President F.W. de Klerk declared an understanding that the African National Congress and the National Party structure a transitional government, adequately finishing politically-sanctioned racial segregation and opening the political procedure to every single South African (Williamson). Mandela was chosen President of South Africa in 1994, and de Klerk turned into his first appointee. Notwithstanding, even with politically-sanctioned racial segregation annulled, South Africa was as yet a partitioned nation. Mandela’s legitimate guide, Nicholas Haysom, stated, â€Å"South Africa in 1994 was a nation that was part, verifiably, socially, racially, thus numerous other ways.†Within South Africa, there was an immense division among blacks a nd whites, and Mandela’s work was to unite them. One way that Nelson Mandela united South Africa was through rugby. While this would appear to be a far-fetched approach to facilitate the racial strain, rugby was a vital piece in the unification of South Africa. While Mandela was serving his time in jail, the global network started to squeeze South Africa to discharge him and end politically-sanctioned racial segregation. To ensure their weight was felt, restricting countries, particularly New Zealand, started fiercely fighting when the Springboks visited to play (30for30). The Springboks, South Africa’s national rugby crew, were prohibited from rugby in 1981. The boycott was proposed to influence the white South Africans and give the dark South Africans influence to use in dealings to end politically-sanctioned racial segregation. In 1992, after Mandela was liberated, the African National Congress denied the restriction on rugby... ...any, 1994. Print. Mandela, Nelson. Mandela An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994. Print. Sampson, Anthony. Mandela The Authorized Biography. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knoff, 1999. Print. Nelson Mandela: initiation discourse (1994). World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Nelson Mandela: discourse on his discharge from jail (1990). World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Taylor, Paul. Father of His Country. Washington Post (Washington, DC). Feb. 13 1994: Mag. Sec. 10+. SIRS Researcher. Web. 30 Aug 2011. Williams, Michael W. Nelson Mandela. Great Lives from History: The Twentieth Century. Ed. Robert F. Gorman. 10 vols. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 2008. Salem History Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Carlin, John. Playing the Enemy. New York: The Penguin Press, 2008. Print.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Spain and the New Laws of 1542
Spain and the New Laws of 1542 The â€Å"New Laws†of 1542 were a progression of laws and guidelines endorsed by the King of Spain in November of 1542 to control the Spaniards who were subjugating the locals in the Americas, especially in Peru. The laws were incredibly disagreeable in the New World and legitimately prompted a common war in Peru. The tumult was incredible to the point that in the end King Charles, expecting that he would lose his new states totally, had to suspend a large number of the more disliked parts of the new enactment. Success of the New World The Americas had been found in 1492 by Christopher Columbus: an ecclesiastical bull in 1493 partitioned the newfound grounds among Spain and Portugal. Pioneers, pilgrims, and conquistadors of different types promptly started making a beeline for the settlements, where they tormented and executed the locals by the thousands to take their territories and riches. In 1519, Hernan Cortes vanquished the Aztec Empire in Mexico: around fifteen years after the fact Francisco Pizarro crushed the Inca Empire in Peru. These local realms had a lot of gold and silver and the men who took an interest turned out to be well off. This, thusly, enlivened an ever increasing number of swashbucklers to go to the Americas with expectations of joining the following campaign that would vanquish and plunder a local realm. The Encomienda System With the significant local domains in Mexico and Peru in ruins, the Spanish needed to set up another arrangement of government. The fruitful conquistadors and pilgrim authorities utilized the encomienda framework. Under the framework, an individual or family was given grounds, which by and large had locals living on them as of now. A kind of arrangement was suggested: the new proprietor was answerable for the locals: he would see to their guidance in Christianity, their instruction and their wellbeing. Consequently, the locals would gracefully food, gold, minerals, wood or whatever significant item could be removed from the land. The encomienda grounds would go starting with one age then onto the next, permitting the groups of the conquistadors to set themselves up like nearby respectability. Actually, the encomienda framework was minimal more than bondage by another name: the locals had to work in fields and mines, frequently until they truly dropped dead. Las Casas and the Reformers Some contradicted the appalling maltreatment of the local populace. As ahead of schedule as 1511 in Santo Domingo, a minister named Antonio de Montesinos asked the Spanish by what right had they attacked, subjugated, assaulted and burglarized a people who had done them no damage. Bartolomã © de Las Casas, a Dominican minister, started posing similar inquiries. Las Casas, a compelling man, had the ear of the ruler, and he recounted the unnecessary passings of a great many Indians-who were, all things considered, Spanish subjects. Las Casas was very influential and King Charles of Spain at long last chose to take care of the homicides and torment being done in his name. The New Laws The â€Å"New Laws,†as the enactment came to be known, accommodated far reaching developments in Spain’s settlements. The locals were to be viewed as free, and the proprietors of the encomiendas could no longer request free work or administrations from them. They needed to pay a specific measure of tribute, yet any additional work was to be paid for. Locals were to be dealt with reasonably and given extended rights. Encomiendas conceded to individuals from the provincial administration or the pastorate were to be come back to the crown right away. The statements of the New Laws generally upsetting to the Spanish homesteaders were the ones that proclaimed relinquishment of encomiendas or local workers by the individuals who had taken an interest in common wars (which was almost the entirety of the Spaniards in Peru) and an arrangement that made encomiendas not inherited: all encomiendas would return to the crown upon the demise of the present holder. Revolt and Repeal Response to the New Laws was quick and exceptional: everywhere throughout the Spanish Americas, conquistadors and pilgrims were infuriated. Blasco Nuã ±ez Vela, the Spanish Viceroy, showed up in the New World in mid 1544 and declared that he planned to authorize the New Laws. In Peru, where the previous conquistadors had the most to lose, the pioneers energized behind Gonzalo Pizarro, last of the Pizarro siblings (Hernando Pizarro was as yet alive however in jail in Spain). Pizarro raised a military, announcing that he would safeguard the rights that he thus numerous others had contended so energetically for. At the skirmish of Aã ±aquito in January of 1546, Pizarro vanquished Viceroy N㠺ã ±ez Vela, who kicked the bucket in fight. Afterward, a military under Pedro de la Gasca vanquished Pizarro in April of 1548: Pizarro was executed. Pizarro’s transformation was put down, however the revolt had indicated the King of Spain that the Spaniards in the New World (and Peru specifically) were not kidding about ensuring their inclinations. Despite the fact that the lord felt that ethically, the New Laws were the proper activity, he expected that Peru would proclaim itself a free realm (huge numbers of Pizarro’s devotees had asked him to do only that). Charles tuned in to his consultants, who disclosed to him that he would do well to genuinely mitigate the New Laws or he gambled losing portions of his new domain. The New Laws were suspended and a watered-down rendition was passed in 1552. Heritage The Spanish had a blended record in the Americas as a pilgrim power. The most repulsive maltreatment happened in the provinces: locals were subjugated, killed, tormented and assaulted in the triumph and early piece of the provincial time frame and later they were disappointed and barred from power. Singular demonstrations of cold-bloodedness are excessively various and ghastly to list here. Conquistadors like Pedro de Alvarado and Ambrosius Ehinger arrived at levels of pitilessness that are almost unfathomable to present day conclusions. As appalling as the Spanish were, there were a couple of edified spirits among them, for example, Bartolomã © de Las Casas and Antonio de Montesinos. These men battled constantly for local rights in Spain. Las Casas delivered books regarding the matters of Spanish maltreatment and was not bashful about reprimanding influential men in the states. Lord Charles I of Spain, similar to Ferdinand and Isabela before him and Philip II after him, had his heart in the opportune spot: these Spanish rulers requested that the locals be dealt with decently. By and by, in any case, the generosity of the lord was hard to implement. There was likewise a characteristic clash: the King needed his local subjects to be glad, however the Spanish crown became perpetually reliant on the consistent progression of gold and silver from the states, quite a bit of which was created by slave work in the mines. With respect to the New Laws, they denoted a significant move in Spanish arrangement. The period of triumph was finished: administrators, not conquistadors, would hold power in the Americas. Stripping the conquistadors of their encomiendas implied stopped the thriving honorable class from really developing. In spite of the fact that King Charles suspended the New Laws, he had different methods for debilitating the ground-breaking New World tip top and inside an age or two the vast majority of the encomiendas had returned to the crown in any case.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Students Need Help With Their Test Prep For the AAWGMAT Essay Samples
Students Need Help With Their Test Prep For the AAWGMAT Essay SamplesWhen it comes to test prep for the AAWGMAT, there are many ways to prepare and many people have different reasons for doing so. One way is to use the AAWGMAT essay samples. The essays that are going to be used for the actual exam are going to be filled out by the students in their own words.Many people like the idea of writing their own essays and using the AAWGMAT essay samples, but they do not want to write it on their own. This is where a good writing tutor comes in. There are many who are good at tutoring, especially when it comes to the AAWGMAT essay samples.You can find great tutors who will help you with the AAWGMAT essay samples by checking out the different sites that are out there. The people who are going to be able to give you your perfect essay can be found through forums. These people know the information about how to write good essays.Many times, when a student first moves from a time school to a publ ic high school, there will be no one around that has been there before. This is when the student has to figure out what they want to do with their life. They may want to just learn how to write, or they may want to take an entire course on essay writing.Sometimes, they want to start working on their career or they may want to go into real life with a career change. This is why the tutors are so important. They will be able to help them with their goals and they will help them achieve their goals.Students are not always in the best situation when it comes to choosing a college or career because they are usually in their own family. If they want to choose a particular college or career path, they need to figure out if they want to spend all of their money for the whole semester on books. They may not be able to afford it.Students need to start planning now for time school after their experience in high school is over. This can be hard to do because they have not planned ahead for it. By using the AAWGMAT essay samples, they will be able to put the information in their head that they need.When a student is starting their career in a particular area of study, they should start thinking about what they want to do after they finish in their to high school. This is something that they should think about because this is going to be a big decision that they are going to make in their life. It should be an easy decision because of the information that is available to them.
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Compare and Contrast Tumor Suppressor Genes and...
Compare and contrast tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Discuss an example of how recent advances in our understanding of these genes have led to the development of a novel therapy that is being used in the treatment of human cancer. Cancer known in medicine as a malignant neoplasm is one of the biggest killers worldwide. In 2007, cancer caused roughly 13% (7.9 million) of the planet’s deaths (Jemal, 2011). This will more greatly affect an aging society such as ours in years to come, and yet it is already the foremost cause of death in the developed world. The main reason cancer causes so many fatalities the body’s inability to mount an effective response to the failure of DNA replication within the body. This results in a mass†¦show more content†¦Mutations (for most cancers) must appear in both tumour suppressing genes and oncogenes for cancers to form. The tumour suppressing genes and oncogenes act in complementary fashion to one another; one pulls forward, and the other pushes back ensuring that the cell cycle occurs in a controlled manner (Sherr, 2004). Oncogenes were discovered in the 1960s, when it was discovered that some animal cancers such as lymphomas were caused by viruses. Some of these viruses were notable due to the simplicity of their RNA genome. These viruses only had three distinct transcription units, involved in the replication of the virus (coat proteins and reverse transcriptase etc.), and an extra gene. This was an oncogene. When oncogenes are properly functioning they are termed proto-oncogenes (Todd R, 1999). Their normal function is to control cell proliferation. These function in growth signalling pathways, and conversely to tumour suppressing cells are activated through a gain in function rather than a loss of it. This occurs in two ways, by producing more of a product, or producing a subtly different product, as a result of a mutation similar to tumour suppressor genes (Croce, 2008). Oncogenes play a particularly strong role in the development of breast cancers. Often the normal ERBB2 and other related genes are amplified in late stage neuroblastomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. ERBB2 encodes HER2 which is a member of the epidermal growth factorShow MoreRelatedBio 241 Hmwrk 11051 Words  | 5 Pagesï » ¿Christopher Scott Biol 241 homework Professor: Greg Crowther 1. Compare and contrast the reasons cell division is important for unicellular and multicellular organisms. Cell division is the method in which single celled organisms reproduce. Cell division allows multi-cellular to grow and repair dead or damaged cells 2. Provide an example of why cell division remains important to an adult organism even after it isfully developed. Some cells divide to heal wounds such as cuts or broken bones.Read MoreStudy Notes for Advanced Pathophysiology5046 Words  | 21 Pagesof mitotic division (e.g. - epidermis, intestinal epithelium, glandular tissue). Hyperplasia is a controlled process; occurs in response to Certain stimulus; Stops after that stimulus is removed. Involves activation of genes controlling cell proliferation the presence of intracellular messengers that control cell replication and growth. Can be physiologic and non-physiologic Atrophy-Occurs d/t a decrease in work demand, adverse environmental state
Friday, May 15, 2020
Risk, Demography, and Technological Evolution in...
Mark Collard’s lecture was about risk, demography, and technological evolution in non-industrial populations and he discussed the evolution of tool use among a variety of groups of hunter-gatherers and food-producing communities. Collard states that the number and complexity of tools varies greatly among populations and he focuses on why this variation exists. He starts off by discussing and analyzing toolkit variation in both hunter-gatherer and farming societies and then moves on to discuss overall technological variation in these societies and the possible explanation for it. He lists four hypotheses that help explain this variation in toolkits among groups. They are the Diet hypothesis, the Risk hypothesis, the Mobility hypothesis,†¦show more content†¦He then moves on to food producers (farmers) instead of hunter-gatherers. He notes that population size is a major driver in technological variation among food- producers and there is no evidence of risk of resource failure in these larger groups. I think that the most interesting question posed by Mark Collard is whether there is a difference between hunter-gatherers and food producers in regards to toolkit variation. Not only is he interested in the difference between the two group types, he uses multiple variables and hypotheses to measure and analyze these differences. If I was to do this experiment, it would have never crossed my mind to compare groups of different composition and social structure. I would have thought that humans are all capable of the same activities and that global variation among toolkit complexity and richness was due mostly to environmental factors. The most important thing I learned was how tool use evolved over time, leading to our species’ current use of advanced tools. Even though Collard did not speak about humans over a long period of time or directly about human evolution, one can deduce that as our species evolved from foragers to organized societies, our toolkit complexity and richness increased dramatically. Given the information inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marketing Analysis of Fantasticc Golf Company4175 Words  | 17 Pagesstatement                                             6 Consumers’ analysis                                             6 Target market                                             7 Consumers’ characteristics                                   8 Market demography                                        8 Target market by cities                                   9 External Analysis of Sweden/Infrastructure                         9      Business-Related Infrastructure                              10      Consumer-OrientedRead MoreSurvival Strategy for Startup Business10775 Words  | 44 PagesBarry_Bayus@UNC.edu Rajshree Agarwal College of Business University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 350 Wohlers Hall, 1206 S. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Dr. Elaine Sia s Life And Accomplishments - 1217 Words
Dr. Elaine Sia is a biology professor at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. She grew up in Midland, Michigan and moved to the Cleveland, Ohio area during her senior year of high school. Dr. Sia obtained her Bachelor of Science degree in the Biological Sciences from Michigan State University. After graduation she entered the PhD program at Columbia University, in the Microbiology Dept. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. She obtained her PhD from Columbia in 1994. Dr. Sia’s father was a chemical engineer and worked at Dow Chemical company for his entire career. He modeled a scientific approach to problems throughout Dr. Sia’s childhood and instilled in her a enthusiasm for science and technology. While she attended Michigan State University, she worked as a technical assistant for Dr. Wendy Champness in the Department of Microbiology and continued that position for a year after graduation. Interacting with Dr. Champness led Dr. Sia to believe that she wanted to become a college professor and researcher. Dr. Champness was instrumental in her decision to attend graduate school. Dr. David Figurski was her graduate school mentor and was a fantastic role model, and helped Dr. Sia to learn to become a very successful independent researcher. It is standard in her field to have several years of postdoctoral experience with a different mentor, so after she obtained her PhD, Dr. Sia went to work in the laboratory of Dr. Tom Petes in the Biology Department in
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Analyse the poetic techniques used in Robert Frosts The telephone Essay Example For Students
Analyse the poetic techniques used in Robert Frosts The telephone Essay The telephone Is a poem about an Individuals Interpretation of a telephone conversation with another. The speaker in the poem talks about a meeting with the same person that had happened in the past showing that there is some history and that this is a sequel to another conversation. We see constant misconceptions between both people, and in this respect it is a sort of rebirth and a sort of familiarity between the speaker and the person on the corresponding end. Through the poem we see Frost relating the phone metaphorically with natural wings, in this way he also personifies the object he is relating to the phone. He relates the telephone to being a Flower And thus relates the phone with a beautiful sweet smelling flower. In this respect, we come to the conclusion that the person on the other end is very close to the speaker, a significant other. Frost also links the flower with a Bee Making a clearer link with nature. The bee almost makes a melodious humming sound further describing the sound of the person on he other end Frost uses ranges of metaphors throughout the poem to tie in with his link from the telephone to nature. Frost makes the poem first person singular to get an insight of the speaker and his real thoughts. He also uses the word You To get the reader involved, but symbolically we know he Is referring to the other person. Using this method of first person, Frost Is successfully making the conversation more genuine and In some sense more truthful. And so by using the words And You The poem comes more realistic and gives us a look into the speakers thoughts making the poem a persona. The structural formation of the poem is irregular. Frost begins with a nine line stanza followed by a one line stanza. This slows the poems flow and lets the reader collect their thoughts. He goes onto having a seven line stanza followed by a pair of one line stanzas. This random structure In a way shows us that the speaker, who Is reminiscing on a past confrontation with the same person, has random remembrances of what was said. This is also mirrored in the poem by the speakers questions and attempts to revive the other persons memory Do you remember what it was you said? And thus by using this sort of irregular formation, Frost does not have any restrictions In the rhyme or rhythm although the poem does contain fair amounts of rhyme. Right through the poem, there is a lot of Juxtaposition. Frost uses words such as; Was Still Did To contrast with the words representing the present; Today This presents yet another concept of what the speaker is dealing with. He is dealing with the restraints of time which only make life travel faster. Yet also this gives the juxtaposition, Frost can make a further relation with the reader and also bring in history to make the poem more relevant. In conclusion, The Telephone by Robert Frost, is an overview of a telephone call the speaker makes. This conversation is linked with nature and natural elements to make the poem more down to earth. The first person in the poem, make it more personal and the Juxtaposition makes the poem more relevant to the audience.
Sunday, April 12, 2020
Running Head Youth Subcultures an Example by
Running Head: Youth Subcultures In Youth Activism in the 1990s Dennis (2006) describes the prevailing subculture of the twentieth century. Interestingly, in a culture where corporate America, economic performance and consumerism were the prevailing cultural drivers, to Dennis (2006) the resulting subculture represented exactly the opposite. According to Dennis (2006) the demonstrations against the World Trade Organization (WTO) that occurred in Seattle in 1990s is a clear illustration of the youth subculture that formed in the twentieth century. Intended as a demonstration of how subcultures are formed through cultural influences and economic conditions, Dennis explains that the demonstrations were organized as a means to execute democracy, voice an opinion and gather as a community. According to Dennis, when the generation could be characterized by technological breakthroughs allowing for individual and separate functioning, the subculture that developed revolved around forming a community against the drivers of i ndividuality, consumerism and separation. In essence, the subculture that formed in the 20th century was about forming bounds and social responsibility. Need essay sample on "Running Head: Youth Subcultures" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Very Often Tell EssayLab support: How can I order abortion essay online? EssayLab specialists suggest: Proceed With Order Now How To Write A Term PaperHow To Write A Research PaperBuy College EssaysPay For PapersPaper Writing HelpPaper Writers For HireCoursework Writing ServiceOrder Essay Online In a culture where individuality, freedom and autonomy took precedence through concepts of free trade, consumerism and the internet Dennis explains that prevailing subculture was about unity and community. Dennis illustrates that subcultures are often formed through a reaction against the prevailing culture. Dennis traces the occurrence of civil disobedience from the 1960s represented by the Punk style as a form of rejection to the idea of corporate America. The dissent conducted through style statements progressed in the early 90s through cultural expressions in the form of music, art and other media through the grunge movement. These examples cited by Dennis clearly illustrate that the formation of subcultures is directly related to the prevailing culture, in the case of punk, grunge and activism, the subculture was against the prevailing culture. What is interesting about Dennis' explanation is it not only discusses the prevalent anti-status quo subculture that developed in the 20th century, it also illustrates how similar subcultures, or a subculture of dissent, are formed throughout every generation. In the 20th century, when the country began on steady economic development, increasing technological breakthroughs and a relatively richer nation; in a time when very little complaining could be made, the subculture formed was about fighting the status quo of development. Dennis further illustrates that the subculture illustrated through the demonstrations in Seattle was not really about a growing distrust of corporations and capitalism but more about forming bonds and communities. Dennis explains that the protestors did not go to Seattle with one unifying cause, each group had their own specific agenda. What drove these activists to Seattle was the idea of coming together and protesting. As such the subculture formed was influenced not only by the economy and the prevailing culture, but also of the desire to assimilate. Dennis further emphasizes this insight by illustrating that the protestors were not really in Seattle with the fundamental agenda of fighting for economic responsibility and equality. Dennis illustrates that in fact, the majority of the protestors were privileged white youths who were fighting for the protection of impoverished populations throughout the world but failed to see the social inequalities within their own nation. Dennis explains that while the protestors came together it was noticeable that few African Americans, the minority who suffered many social injustices during that period, was not represented and participated very little in agenda set for the demonstrations. Through this argument Dennis illustrates that the subculture of activism was not about a social cause, but more about forming bonds. Reference List Dennis, M. (2006). "Youth Activism in the 1990s." Youth Subcultures: Exploring Underground America ed. Greenberg, A. Longman, p. 5-17.
Wednesday, March 11, 2020
Khan Doc Essays
Khan Doc Essays Khan Doc Essay Khan Doc Essay System manages the schedule of courses and teachers according to the rooms. Time Table is the key in any educational institution, as it allows scheduling the courses for study. All the students and teachers follow this schedule for effective study. Time Table Management System shall allow different teachers to schedule their courses and it shall also avoid clash of rooms and shall keep in mind the other subjects of the class to avoid any clash. 2. General Goal: Time table management is a difficult task in any educational institute management system and it is done manually.Goal of this project is to try to automate the process of Time Table Management. Automated Time Table Management System can be very effective in any educational management system. Another Goal of this project is to try to make it intelligent so it know a little about time table based upon user input and help the user in making the correct decision. Time Table Management System will be multi agent meaning that differ ent entities will exist independently and Time Table Management System will only provide a way for them to interact. . Current System: Current system in any SMS works manually and requires minimal input from involving entities and putting the entire decision making on one person, making extra work for that person. Teachers give their preferred time to the person responsible of Time Table Management. The Person responsible for time table management consider Teacher input and selects a subject, teacher, class, sees the available time slots and room and enters that information. Whole process is done manually. 4. Proposed System: 4. 1 Overview:We will design a multi agent based system, with teacher entering their desired timing and system will accept our available rooms. System will keep record of previous time table as well. System will also provide the list of the available rooms and time slots. 4. 2 Functional requirements: 1- There shall not be time table clash for a class or teache r. 2- Teacher can select room and subject to teach. 3- Subject or room already taken shall not be available again. 4- It shall not put the entire load on one person. 5- System can schedule time table dynamically. 6- Easy report generation. Teacher can not modify or update information. 8- If required system shall access teacher information from existing profiles and records. 4. 3 Non-Functional requirement: 1- Separate account for users with access types. As many people will be accessing the system simultaneously or separately, so it is necessary to maintain different account and access rights for the users. 2- Security implemented through account and login. The system need to be very secure apart from the automation, so it do not allow the users to make unwanted changes in any part of the system and it should not llow the unwanted users. 3- Report for available slot. Members shall have the able to view report about the available rooms and time slots. 4- Reports room, time and subje ct. Members shall be able to view time table in different ways, i. e. room wise, subject wise or time wise. 5- Information sent to teachers for any update in time table. If time table is updated by the admin due to any reason then a notification is to be sent to the concerned teachers. 6- Distributed application. The application shall be distributed and shall be available for access from different areas. 4. 4 ERD: [pic] 4. System Model: 4. 6 USE CASES: 4. 6. 1 Diagrammatic Use Cases: DEO Fig 1: Data Entry Operator’s Use Cases Teacher Fig 2: Teacher’s Use Cases Student and others Fig 3: Student’s Use cases. Fig 4: System Only Process 4. 6. 2 Descriptive Use Cases: 4. 6. 2. 1 Administration |UC-DEO-1 Enter Room Information | |Scope: |Administration | |Actor: |Data entry operator.To enter data | | |Admin to enter data. | |Pre condition | User logged in and identified | |Work Flow: | |User action |System Response | | |1.System provides List of existing room | |2. Us er enter room name. | | |3. User saves records. | | | |4. If record is saved then message is generated. | |Post condition |System enters the record and stays at the page. | |Occurrence |Very rarely only the start. | UC-SG-1 Generate available slots | |Scope: |Administration | |Actor: |System for calculation. | | |DEO to active it. | |Pre condition |Subject information is available. | | |Teacher information is available. | | |Semester information is available. | |Room information is available. | |Work Flow: | |User action |System Response | | |system generate available slot by making calculation | |Post condition |Record is saved. | | |Admin is informed. | |Occurrence |Frequently.To view the information. | |UC-SG-2 Make update schedule | |Scope: |Administration | |Actor: |System for calculation. | | |DEO to active it. | |Pre condition |Subject information is available. | | |Teacher information is available. | |Semester information is available. | | |Room information is available. | | |Timetable is Available. | |Work Flow: | |User action |System Response | | |system give schedule | |2- User makes changes. | |3- User saves Record. | | | |system update record | |Post condition |Record saved admin informed | |Occurrence |Frequently. To update the schedule. |UC-DEO-3 Enter teacher information | |Scope: | Administration | |Actor: | DEO to enter teacher information. | | |Admin to enter or view teacher information. | |Pre condition |User is logged in and identified. |Work Flow: | |User action |System Response | | |1- system provides existing records | | | | |2- User enters name, address, rank and educational | | |level. | | |3- User saves the record. | | | |4- System generate success message. | |Post condition |User is informed and stays on the page | |Occurrence |Rarely, only it starts. | UC-DEO-4 Account Creation | |Scope: |Administration | |Actor: |Data entry operator. To enter data | | |Admin to enter data. | |Pre condition | User logged in and identified | |Work F low: | |User action |System Response | |1.User will login name, email address and account type (DEO, Student, and | | |teacher) of the account. | | |2. User will enter name, address, status and study level of the account | | |3. User saves records. | | | |4. If record is saved then message is generated. | |Post condition |System enters the record and stays at the page. | |Occurrence |Very rarely only the start. | 4. 6. 2. 2 Reports UC-VI-1 View information | |Scope: |Report | |Actor: |DEO, to view information about Time Table. | | |Admin, to view information about Time Table. | | |Student, to view information about Time Table. | | |Teacher, to view information about Time Table. | |Pre condition |User is logged in and identified. |Work Flow: | |User action |System Response | | 1- User select report type (time table ,room schedule, teacher) | | | |2- System generate the report | |Post condition |System stays at the page. | |Occurrence |Very frequently to view reports. | 4. 6. 2. 3 Tea cher |UC-TE-1 Teacher time table entry | |Scope: |Teacher | |Actor: Teacher gives available time. | |Pre condition |Teacher logged in and identified. | | |Room and subject record exists. | |Work Flow: | |User action |System Response | | 1- User select subject to time table for | | | |2- System present previous time table for subject | |3- User selects room. | | |4- System gives available timing for that room | | 5- user select available timing | | | | | |6- User save record | | | |7. System generates the success message. | |Post condition |System update time table. | | |System informs admin. | | |System other teacher. | |Occurrence |Rarely. To enter information from the teacher at the start of the course. | 5. 0 Hardware and Software Requirements. 5. 1 Hardware specifications:Our System will require minimum system specification at the user end. With minimum P2 with 366 MHz processor with 64 MB RAM Internet connectivity. Our system will require high end system at the server end wit h minimum P4 1. 3 GHz processor with 512 MB ram 24 hour internet connectivity Power source. 5. 2 Software Requirements: At the user end our system will require Operating System Internet Browser At the server end our system will require an Operating system Web Server Software (i. e. Apache) PHP MySQL database. 5. 3 User Characteristics: Following types of users will interact with our system. Administrator: Responsible with over all functionality of the system. Data Entry Operator: DEO to assist admin in data entry process. Teacher: To enter his/her preferred time into the system to generate time table. And to view information. Student: To view time table information [pic] Enter room information Enter teacher information Enter subject information View available information Enter Timing View schedule View information Generate available slot Make/ update time table Administration Enter Room Information Generate available slots Make update schedule Enter teacher information Teacher Teacher time table entry Reports Account Creation 1 M M M M M 1 M 1 M Follow Follow Have Study Teach Subject Student Teacher Time Table
Sunday, February 23, 2020
American courts and the criminal justice system Essay
American courts and the criminal justice system - Essay Example This killed his victim on the spot. The unsworn statement however contradicted his earlier statement to the police that indicated that he had fired blindly while escaping1. Whichever the case though, William Furman would have been found guilty of killing (murder). This was due to the fact that the shooting took place during the commission of a felony. The suspect was tried for murder and found guilty largely on the basis of his statement. After a one day trial, Furman was found guilty uf murdering William Micke and was sentenced to death on 20th September 1968. (Roensch 2007) The Furman v. Georgia raised an important question of law on whether the imposition and carrying out capital punishment in that particular case and two others constituted cruel and unusual punishment. If this was the case then the ruling on death penalty violated the Eighth an Fourteenth Amendments. In a five to four decision the court decided that the death penalty ruling did constitute to cruel and unusual punishment and thus violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. The justices articulated their views on over two hundred pages of concurrences and dissents. The issue of race came up with concurrences on the arbitrary nature on death penalty passed on black defendants. The other two cases consolidated together with the Furman v. Georgia were Jackson v. ... He was thus convicted of both rape and robbery and sentenced to death. During the trial, a psychiatrist refuted claims that Jackson was schizophrenic. He therefore declared Jackson competent to stand trial. Branch v. Texas Branch was also an African American male in Texas convicted of rape on an elderly woman. Though the trial determined that Branch was of below average IQ (lowest fourth percentile in his class to be precise), he was sentenced to death. Furman v. Georgia Trial Concurrences The Furman v. Georgia and the other two consolidated case were presided by the United States Supreme Courts Justices named below The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Powell Mr. Justice White Mr. Justice Blackman Mr. Justice Marshall Mr. Justice Stewart Mr. Justice Brennan Mr. Justice Douglas Mr. Justice Powell Mr. Justice Rehnquist The concurring justices were Justice Douglas, Justice Brennan, Justice Stewart, Justice White, and Justice Marshall. This section will provide an articulation of the concurring judges and their respective arguments. It is important to note that the Furman v. Georgia case turned out to be a landmark case and revolutionary in some ways. It impacted or changed American Criminal Law in the following ways. The Branch v. Texas and Jackson v. Georgia case invalidated the death penalty on rape. This was a monumental ruling that had impact on thousands of cases throughout the United States since then up to this date. The decision ruled the requirement of for a degree of consistency in the application of the death sentence. The question of the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty on numerous cases throughout the United States arose. This was due to the fact that carrying out the death sentence on those and similar cases constituted to cruel
Friday, February 7, 2020
Physical Activity Basketball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
Physical Activity Basketball - Essay Example One of the physical activities that I think is beneficial for keeping the balance between the mind and the body is basketball. It has a lot of advantages that I have learned myself personally when I became a member of a basketball team in high school. My experience as a member of the team has shaped me into the kind of person I am today. Physically and mentally, basketball made me become a stronger and healthier person since this game does not only require one to be endure the pains of running and keeping up with the other players, but the mental skills of calculating distances and strategies in order to win the game. It demands passion, team work, and trust in oneself as well as the other members of the team. I have been playing basketball for at least seven years now and I find it to be a unique sport. Through my experience over the years, I have found that my mind has become more mature and so have my skills. By participating in basketball matches since I was eleven, I have found that practice is not the only key to winning a game. By studying the other team’s strengths and identifying their weaknesses, we gain more advantage over winning the game. Although basketball requires learning several physical skills, players’ should also train and hone its mental skills since the game demands analytical skills as well. As Gladwell and Crawford argue, physical activities require imagination, creativity as well as flexibility rather than blindly following textbook knowledge. Like any other amateur players, basketball superstars started as any other basketball enthusiast who simply loves the sport. The only difference is that these superstars were humble enough to admit their we aknesses that they used it on their advantage. They worked hard to further develop their strengths and worked even harder to overcome their weaknesses. In The Physical Genius, Malcolm Gladwell shares the secret of how  Michael Jordan, the lord of basketball
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Ethical Issue of the Contraceptive Mandate Essay Example for Free
Ethical Issue of the Contraceptive Mandate Essay The issue of the contraception mandate may be one of the biggest political stories of the year. It is a law brought forward by the Obama administration that requires all employers to offer contraceptive coverage. This has been a requirement for all company healthcare coverage programs for many years already but religious affiliates have been exempt from following the rules. Obama is looking to change all that by requiring even religion-based employers, who have previously not offered coverage, to participate. Such services required by the contraception mandate will violate some of these religion-based employers’ moral conscience. Rule: From the contraception mandate issue, two opposing ethical rules are rights and justice/fairness. From Velasquez’s Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, the rights rule is â€Å"an individual’s entitlement to something.†It can address the contraception mandate from both an individual and a corporate issue. The rights rule is being processed more from the religious-based employers point of view. The justice/fairness rule being discussed in this case brief is the egalitarianism view. Egalitarianism is â€Å"every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits and burdens.†It addresses the contraception mandate from a systemic issue Analysis: 1. Rights: Religious institutions do not want to have to cover birth control in their insurance plans for employees. Such services required by the contraception mandate will violate these religion-based institutions’ moral conscience. Thus, the contraception mandate can be viewed as an obstruction of the constitutional rights presented in the First Amendment. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution reads as following: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.†In the First Amendment, all individuals are entitled to freedom of religion. Many of the religion-based institutions claim that the first amendment allows people the freedom to follow their religious convictions and that they cannot be forced to act against them. The government through the contraception mandate is forcing constraints on the religious freedom of the religious affiliated institutions and their employees. 2. Justice/Fairness: The justice/fairness rule of egalitarianism will say the contraception mandate is about women’s health rights. According to an egalitarian, goods should be allocated to people in equal portions. Thus, all women should have access to equal healthcare services, including the contraceptive services. The egalitarianism view argues that supporting a rights rule would limit the whole population based on someone else’s moral ideals and not scientific medical information. Women, along with many men, want to have sex for non-procreative purposes despite â€Å"edicts†passed down by religious texts. Women should have access to contraceptives. Egalitarians also argue everyone is entitled to practice their own religion and refrain from taking birth control, but every employer is prevented from discriminating against their employees on the basis of religious freedom. The reversal of the contraception mandate would be a huge setback for women’s reproductive freedom. It would go back to say women’s bodies are not their own. Conclusion: In my opinion, I believe that the rights rule is the correct approach to the contraception mandate. All companies, excluding religion-based employers, before were required to provide contraceptive coverage. Now under the Health and Human Services contraception mandate, those religious-based employers are required to provide contraceptive coverage. The First Amendment promises the entitlement to religious freedom and the practicing religious convictions. I believe forcing this healthcare service onto religious affiliated institutions is obstructing their right to practice religious convictions, hence their moral convictions. The larger portion of employed women will already be covered prior to this contraception mandate. It is only the addition of employed women at religious affiliated institutions. I am inclined to think the female employees of religious affiliated institutions would share the same religious and moral views of that religious affiliated institution. If a religious affiliated institution believes it is morally accepting for the use of contraceptives, good for them. But for a religious affiliated institution that believes it is against their religious convictions to provide employees with contraceptives, the government should not have any authority to force such a mandate. Following political backlash for the contraception mandate, President Obama has since revised the original mandate. He has added an â€Å"accommodation,†somewhat like a clause, that allows the religion-based employers the opportunity to opt out and not have to directly cover birth control in their healthcare insurance plans. The insurance company hired to cover the religious affiliated institution’s employees cannot opt out. The insurers themselves would be required to make contraceptives available free of charge to women anyway. This is a clear political move to gain more favoritism in hopes of a reelection. I see this move by Obama as an attempted reversal of the mandate after viewing the religious opposition that was evoked by mandate. Also what Obama has failed to think of are the business implications of this new â€Å"accommodation†â€â€offering the contraceptives at no cost from the opted out religious affiliated employer and employees. Insurance companies will not offer this benefit at no cost; contraceptive drug companies will not offer the medicine at no cost; and doctors will not provide treatment without payment. The only logical conclusion, at least the short run, will result in higher healthcare insurance premiums. To have avoided religious invasion, political backlash, and increased insurance premiums, I logically propose the Obama Administration should simply give women without access to contraceptive services a federal voucher.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Employee Engagement Essay -- Human Resource Management
Introduction The employee engagement has become a hot topic of discussion in the corporate world. There is no single accepted definition of engagement or recognised approach for measuring or raising it. HRM Practitioners have involved in quite a lot of study to understand employee engagement and its impact on the performance of the organisation. According to them, employee engagement is a level of commitment and involvement of employees towards their organisation and its value. An engaged employee works with his/her colleagues to improve their productivity within their job, for the ultimate benefit of the organisation. This paper critically reviews MacLeod Report (2009), ‘Engaging for Success’ and analysis it’s suitability as an engagement model for the organisations to adapt. Also, this paper suggests an alternative engagement model, which can be applied and adopted by the organisation for achieving their strategic objectives. Employee Engagement The employee engagement is a relatively new term in the corporate world. Due to the global nature of work and diversity of workforce, it has become a key part of competitive advantage for many organisations. The engagement at work was conceptualized by Kahn (1990:694) as the â€Å"harnessing of organisational members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performances†. The other related construct to engagement in organisational behaviour is the notion of flow. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990) defines flow as the ‘holistic sensation’ that people feel when they act with total involvement. Thus employee engagement is the level of commitment and involvement, which an employee has towards ... ...selid, M.A. 1995. ‘The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 38, pp635-670. Kahn, W.A. (1990), ‘Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol 33, pp692-724 MacLeod, D. and Clarke, N. (2009), Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement, London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Osterman P (1994), ‘How Common is Workplace Transformation and How can we Explain who Adopts it? Results from a National Survey’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review,47. Pil, F.K. and McDuffie, J.P. (1996), ‘The adoption of high involvement work practices’, Industrial Relations,Vol 35:pp423-455 Vodafone Site: http://www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/employees.html
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Muscle Milk Essay
Father and son; Mike and Greg Pickett, Founded Cytosport Inc. in 1988. The product with good taste targets bodybuilders and athletes. Muscle Milk is not only designed with athletes or body builders in mind, but can be beneficiary to a wide range of individuals seeking to be stronger, healthier, leaner, livelier or bigger. CytoSport just obtained its NSF Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Sport Registration, showing credibility that it does not contain any substances on the banned list recognized by the World Anti-Doping Agency, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, etc. (Bloomberg Business Week, 2008). Unlike other companies, Cytosport condemns the use of performance enhancing drugs, and through its efforts with IOC, NFL, and NCAA, will never include chemicals like steroids amongst their ingredients (article Base 2010). CytoSport, one of the company’s best selling products, Muscle Milk, is designed to provide nutrients that will naturally build up bodily tissue. Muscle Milk has several extension brand, including powder products, pre-blends products and power bars. Muscle Milk RTD (Ready to Drink) which comes in five delicious flavors : Chocolate shake, Vanilla creme shake, Strawberry and creme, Banana creme shake, Chocolate malt. Every bottle contains 25g of premium proteins for sustained energy including, Calcium and Sodium Caseinate, and Milk Protein Isolate (Cytosport 2010). The 14 oz. serving of Muscle Milk is gluten and lactose free and contains precisely 25 grams of protein to sustain energy, carbohydrates and functional fats for energy metabolism, and all essential amino acids in 20 vitamins and minerals. Combining science with performance Muscle Milk allows for rapid muscle growth, high energy, and increased metabolism of fat. The creators of Muscle Milk listen to the needs of their consumers and offer a variety of options for their product, such as Muscle Milk Light, their low calorie blend, or Muscle Milk Naturals which omits the use of artificial sweeteners (all business 2008). Competitive review, Muscle Milk is currently the leader in RTD protein shakes (Bloomberg Business week 2008). However there is a quickly rising competitor named Isopure, although at the moment it has not yet had as much sales as people who have been in the market for a while they have a formula which provides them with 100% all isolated natural protein (All Business 2008). In All business week article explains the distribution review, the product can be found at stores such as GNC, 7 Eleven, Costco, Vitamin Shoppe, and Fitness First Gyms. It is also available in several popular online sites such as bodybuilding. com, prosource. net, keysupplements. com and several others. Partnered with Pepsi Beverages Co. to distribute the RTD line of Muscle Milk and Muscle Milk Light in its territories in the US and Canada. The strengths of the company are since, Established in 1998 Cytosport has valuable sales experience in performance enhancing market. Our brand name is very well liked and recognized by bodybuilders and partners alike and is already being marketed via sports teams such as the Yahoo cycling team and the Under Armour Football Combines. There are over $200 million in sales within the last accounting period (Article base 2010). It has the financial resources to study the market trends; thereby, plan for the future, train sales personnel and to effectively market the brand. There are several weakness of our product, Brand recognition, even though Cytosport is an established and renown by the gym population, the general public still doesn’t know of their products. Some people may experience diarrhea, abdominal cramps and nausea after the consumption of Muscle Milk (Livestrong 2010). Some of the opportunities of our product; we are currently proud to be supporting 24 colleges by improving over 125 athletic programs. We do this by providing our Muscle Milk line of products to assist in their strength training (livestrong 2010). In March, CytoSport introduced Muscle Milk Protein H2O in GNC stores and Costco, two of their biggest partners. The Protein H20 comes in a variety of fruit flavors including Grape, Grapefruit, Orange and Raspberry. The product contains 60 calories and is sugar-free. In today’s gym obsessed world, Cytosport is utilizing this is an opportunity to promote muscle milk, thus increase its market share, whilst creating value for the customers. Unfortunately there are several threats, Nestle USA is currently suing Muscle Milk saying that they do not have any actual milk in their product and that is â€Å"eceptively misdescriptive†(All Business 2008). A third party medical group may come out with research indicating that this type of product is unhealthy (all Business 2008). There are also over fifty other competitors in this Market including CNP professional Proslam, Strength Systems USA Muscle Blast, and AllMax Nutrition ISOFLEX. Pepsi Co might start their own line of product if they see this as a good revenue line That can also be a threat. Future FDA regulations on the product may cause us to cease operations. SO Strategy, we use strengths to take advantage of opportunities Use of their efficient R&D team to develop new products quickly to respond to new distribution channels demands. We also use of experience and knowledge to create and address the specific needs of new segments of the market. Ex. Female athletes and children. WO Strategy, overcoming weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities. Gaining brand recognition through the partnership with Pepsi Beverage Co. also improving their logistics specifically their product distribution. ST Strategy, use of strengths to avoid threats. Using the experience and product knowledge to successfully compete with any new competition entering the market. These are the TOWS analysis building strategies. Brand Positioning strategy, We currently have a benefits positioning strategy. Our product gives consumers a better way to quickly recuperate after a tough workout. For example, while working out, drinking muscle milk helps promote nutrients in your body to gain energy. Another benefit for the consumers are since we target mainly body builders, They have to maintain a healthy diet to stay in good shape, muscle milk have all the proteins and vitamins for the body needs, and consumers can replace their meal by drinking muscle milk. Product Branding strategy, Muscle Milk is a co-brand product with Cytosport. Both companies work together to make this product the best for our consumers. Line Extensions, we have already made several changes to the formula to create a variety of RTD protein shakes such as Muscle Milk light and diet Muscle Milk. For the pricing strategy, we reviewed the category performance and competitive items using Safeway SmartTraks, risk reports and the bump chart to show the price sensitivity for Muscle Milk and the competitive items. We then provided Safeway with an in depth data analysis which included a price market survey for all nine Safeway divisions versus the competi- tion for the entire category to allow them to evaluate and consider a strategy change for sports nutrition in their stores on a national basis. Our strategy was to move Muscle Milk from a high-low promotional program to an everyday low cost program. In order to do this, we needed to approach CytoSport to present our findings and see if they would be interested in providing funding based on our analysis that at a lower retail price, they would see an increase in product move- ment. This process also involved providing Safeway with projections to show them that the increased unit and dollar sales at a reduced retail price would increase their overall adjusted gross margins. With the VP of Sales at CytoSport we successfully developed and presented a plan to Safeway where CytoSport would provide the incremental funding and Safeway would reduce their margins in order to bring Muscle Milk’s retail price down. The Distribution strategy, we will reduce the cost of production, transportation and other costs associated in the process by creating a partnership with Pepsi. On the Marketing communication strategy, we used Shaq as an advertisement and created a limited edition bottle. Goal of this strategy: Muscle Milk is not only a good source for protein for your workouts, it can now make you feel like Shaquille O’Neal. We plan on using this strategy in the future with other athletes such as Brandon Roy, Ryan Hall, and etc. (Promo Magazine 2009). Since college sports are very popular we started creating limited-edition bottles themed after some of the most famous college football teams such as Georgia Tech, University of Miami, UCLA and etc. For example in UCLA wee created a bottle just for the theme of their football team using the colors of their school which are gold and blue. The 7,500 bottles produced are expected to be on shelves in November (Promo Magazines 2009). Creating value, We plan on improving our website so that we have a premium buyers page where you can get your product shipped faster the more you buy. Our partnership with Pepsi Co. makes this possible. These preferred will also be receiving special offers, such as if they pay their account balances within 15 days they get a 2% discount. Value proposition, Cytosport will provide quality product to its customers at low prices, Establish good customer relationship and loyalty, In turn maintain and/or increase the market share, and satisfying consumer needs with superior quality products, efficacy and reliability. Reference Quiton. B. (2009). Muscle Milk Energizer with Shaq. Promo Magazine, retrieved from http://promomagazine. com/news/muscle-milk-energizes-shaq-0114/ Odell. P. (2010). Muscle milk Debut college Theme bottles. Promo Magazine, retrieved from http://promomagazine. com/news/muscle-milk-debuts-bottles-0928/ All Business (2008). Retrieved from http://www. allbusiness. com/marketing-advertising/marketing-techniques/12590370-1. html Bloomberg Business Week (2008). Retrieved from http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/private/snapshot. asp? privcapId=6925027 Livestrong (2010). Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/123243-side-effects-muscle-milk/ CytoSport (2010). Retrieved from http://www. cytosport. com/.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga in the American Revolution
The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga took place May 10, 1775, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the early days of the conflict, multiple American commanders recognized the strategic importance of Fort Ticonderoga. Located on Lake Champlain, it provided an important link between New York and Canada as well as held a treasure trove of badly-needed artillery. Moving forward in early May, less than a month after war started, forces led by Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold advanced on the forts small garrison. Storming the fort on May 10, they met minimal resistance and quickly captured it. Fort Ticonderoga served as a launching point for the American invasion of Canada in 1775 and its guns were later removed for use in ending the Siege of Boston. Gibraltar of America Built in 1755 by the French as Fort Carillon, Fort Ticonderoga controlled the southern part of Lake Champlain and guarded the northern approaches to the Hudson Valley. Attacked by the British in 1758 during the Battle of Carillon, the forts garrison, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and the Chevalier de Levis, successfully turned back Major General James Abercrombies army. The fort fell into British hands the following year when a force commanded by Lieutenant General Jeffrey Amherst secured the post and it remained under their control for the rest of the French Indian War. With the end of the conflict, Fort Ticonderogas importance diminished as the French were forced to cede Canada to the British. Though still known as the Gibraltar of America, the fort soon fell into disrepair and its garrison was greatly reduced. The state of the fort continued to decline and in 1774 was described by Colonel Frederick Haldimand as being in ruinous condition. In 1775, the fort was held by 48 men from the 26th Regiment of Foot, several of which were classified as invalids, led by Captain William Delaplace. A New War With the beginning of the American Revolution in April 1775, Fort Ticonderogas significance returned. Recognizing its importance as a logistical and communications link along the route between New York and Canada, the British commander at Boston, General Thomas Gage, issued orders to the Governor of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton, that Ticonderoga and Crown Point be repaired and reinforced. Unfortunately for the British, Carleton did not receive this letter until May 19. As the Siege of Boston commenced, American leaders became concerned that the fort afforded the British in Canada with a route for attacking their rear. Governor Sir Guy Carleton. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives of Canada Voicing this, Benedict Arnold appealed to the Connecticut Committee of Correspondence for men and money to mount an expedition to capture Fort Ticonderoga and its large store of artillery. This was granted and recruiters commenced attempting to raise the forces required. Moving north, Arnold made a similar plea to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. This too was approved and he received a commission as a colonel with orders to raise 400 men to attack the fort. In addition, he was given munitions, supplies, and horses for the expedition. Major General Benedict Arnold. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Two Expeditions While Arnold began planning his expedition and recruiting men, Ethan Allen and militia forces in the New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) began plotting their own strike against Fort Ticonderoga. Known as the Green Mountain Boys, Allens militia gathered at Bennington before marching on to Castleton. To the south, Arnold moved north with Captains Eleazer Oswald and Jonathan Brown. Crossing into the Grants on May 6, Arnold learned of Allens intentions. Riding ahead of his troops, he reached Bennington the next day. There he was informed that Allen was at Castleton awaiting additional supplies and men. Pressing on, he rode into the Green Mountain Boys camp before they departed for Ticonderoga. Meeting with Allen, who had been elected colonel, Arnold argued that he should lead the attack against the fort and cited his orders from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. This proved problematic as the majority of the Green Mountain Boys refused to serve under any commander except Allen. After extensive discussions, Allen and Arnold decided to share command. Moving Forward While these talks were ongoing, elements of Allens command were already moving towards Skenesboro and Panton to secure boats for crossing the lake. Additional intelligence was provided by Captain Noah Phelps who had reconnoitered Fort Ticonderoga in disguise. He confirmed that the forts walls were in poor condition, the garrisons gunpowder was wet, and that reinforcements were expected shortly. Assessing this information and the overall situation, Allen and Arnold decided to attack Fort Ticonderoga at dawn on May 10. Assembling their men at Hands Cove (Shoreham, VT) late on May 9, the two commanders were disappointed to find that an insufficient number of boats had been assembled. As a result, they embarked with around half the command (83 men) and slowly crossed the lake. Arriving on the western shore, they became concerned that dawn would arrive before the rest of the men could make the journey. As a result, they resolved to attack immediately. Forces Commanders Americans Colonel Ethan AllenColonel Benedict Arnoldapprox. 170 men British Captain William Delaplaceapprox. 80 men Storming the Fort Approaching the south gate of Fort Ticonderoga, Allen and Arnold led their men forward. Charging, they caused the sole sentry to abandon his post and swept into the fort. Entering the barracks, the Americans awakened the stunned British soldiers and took their weapons. Moving through the fort, Allen and Arnold made their way to the officers quarters to compel Delaplaces surrender. Reaching the door, they were challenged by Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham who demanded to know on whose authority they had entered the fort. In reply, Allen reportedly stated, In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress! (Allen later claimed to have said this to Delaplace). Roused from his bed, Delaplace quickly dressed before formally surrendering to the Americans. Securing the Fort Taking possession of the fort, Arnold was horrified when Allens men began to plunder and raid its liquor stores. Though he tried to stop these activities, the Green Mountain Boys refused to adhere to his orders. Frustrated, Arnold retired to Delaplaces quarters to await his men and wrote back to Massachusetts expressing concern that Allens men were governing by whim and caprice. He further commented that he believed the plan to strip Fort Ticonderoga and ship its guns to Boston was in threat. As additional American forces occupied Fort Ticonderoga, Lieutenant Seth Warner sailed north to Fort Crown Point. Lightly garrisoned, it fell the next day. Following the arrival of his men from Connecticut and Massachusetts, Arnold began conducting operations on Lake Champlain which culminated with a raid on Fort Saint-Jean on May 18. While Arnold established a base at Crown Point, Allens men began to drift away from Fort Ticonderoga and back to their land in the Grants. Aftermath In the operations against Fort Ticonderoga, one American was injured while British casualties amounted to the capture of the garrison. Later that year, Colonel Henry Knox arrived from Boston to transport the forts guns back to the siege lines. These were later emplaced on Dorchester Heights and compelled the British to abandon the city on March 17, 1776. The fort also served as a springboard for the 1775 American invasion of Canada as well as protected the northern frontier. Major General Henry Knox. Photograph Source: Public Domain In 1776, the American army in Canada was thrown back by the British and forced to retreat back down Lake Champlain. Encamping at Fort Ticonderoga, they aided Arnold in building a scratch fleet which fought a successful delaying action at Valcour Island that October. The following year, Major General John Burgoyne launched a major invasion down the lake. This campaign saw the British re-take the fort. Following their defeat at Saratoga that fall, the British largely abandoned Fort Ticonderoga for the remainder of the war.
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